What's blooming in High Park, late July

I had a great time with the High Park Volunteer Stewardship Program pulling weeds in the Sculpture Garden restoration site yesterday. There are tons of flowers in bloom now:

Natives

• Achillea millefolium (yarrow, achillée millefeuille)
• Asclepias syriaca (milkweed, bébé lala de lait) (only a few are still blooming, most are setting seed)
• Campanula rotundifolia (harebell, campanule à feuilles rondes)
• Conyza canadensis (horseweed, vergerette du Canada)
• Desmodium canadense (showy tick trefoil, desmodie du Canada) (shown above)
• Erigeron annuus (daisy fleabane, vergerette annuelle)
• Helianthus divaricatus (woodland sunflower, hélianthe à feuilles étalées)
• Lobelia cardinalis (cardinal flower, lobélie cardinale)
• Monarda fistulosa (wild bergamot, monarde fistuleuse)
• some kind of Potentilla, maybe Potentilla fruticosa (shrubby cinquefoil, potentille arbustive)
• Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed Susan, rudbeckie dressée)
• Silphium perfoliatum (cup plant, plante bain d'oiseaux)
• Verbena stricta (hoary vervain, verveine veloutée)

Others

• Cichorium intybus (chicory, chicorée sauvage)
• Daucus carota (Queen Anne's lace, nid d'oiseau)
• Melilotus alba (white sweet clover, mélilot blanc)
• Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip, panais sauvage)
• Polygonum sp. (smartweed, renouée)
• Trifolium pratense (red clover, trèfle violet)

We also saw a big wasp dragging a caterpillar to a hole she had previously dug, presumably to lay eggs on it. Although I felt sorry for the caterpillar, it was fascinating to watch. In Growing Green (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2006), an intriguing book about veganic food production, Jenny Hall and Iain Tolhurst recommend growing native plants near fields of crops to attract beneficial insects such as parasitic wasps.

Natives in our garden

Andrew Keys at Garden Smackdown is calling on bloggers to list the native plants in our gardens. Here's what's currently growing in our garden:

Volunteered or planted before we moved in and thriving

• Acalypha rhomboidea (three-seed mercury, ricinelle rhomboïde)
• Acer rubrum (red maple, érable rouge)
• Amaranthus tuberculatus (roughfruit amaranth)
• Anemone canadensis (Canada anemone, anémone du Canada)
• Erigeron annuus (daisy fleabane, vergerette annuelle)
• Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash, frêne rouge)
• Gleditsia triacanthos (honeylocust, févier d'Amérique)
• Juglans nigra (black walnut)
• Solanum ptycanthum (eastern black nightshade, morelle noire de l'est)
• Solidago canadensis (Canada goldenrod, verge d'or du Canada)
• Veronica serpyllifolia (thyme-leaf speedwell, véronique à feuilles de serpolet)

Planted by me and thriving for a couple of years

• Asclepias tuberosa (butterflyweed, asclépiade tubéreuse)
• Geum triflorum (prairie smoke, benoite à trois fleurs)
• Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)
• Liatris spicata (blazing star, liatride à épis)
• Monarda didyma (beebalm, monarde)
• Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed susan, rudbeckie dressée)

Planted by me last year, don't know if they survived the winter

• Actaea rubra (red baneberry, actée rouge)
• Coreopsis lanceolata (lanceleaf coreopsis, coréopsis lancéolé)
• Gaillardia aristata (blanket flower, gaillarde)
• Helenium autumnale (sneezeweed, hélénie d'automne)
• Maianthemum canadense (wild lily-of-the-valley, maïanthème du Canada)
• Phlox divaricata (woodland phlox, phlox bleu)
• Tiarella cordifolia (foamflower, tiarelle cordifoliée)
• Verbena stricta (hoary vervain, verveine veloutée)
• Waldsteinia fragaroides (barren strawberry, waldsteinie faux-fraisier)

Planted by me and died

• Coreopsis lanceolata (lanceleaf coreopsis, coréopsis lancéolé)
• Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen, gaulthérie couchée)
• Physostegia virginiana (obedient plant, physostégie) (mistaken for a weed by landlords after it was done flowering)

Attempting to grow from seed this year

• Agastache foeniculum (lavender hyssop, anis hysope)
• Allium cernuum (nodding wild onion, ail penché)
• Anemone virginiana (thimbleweed, anémone de Virginie)
• Aquilegia canadensis (wild columbine, ancolie du Canada)
• Asclepias tuberosa (butterflyweed, asclépiade tubéreuse)
• Campanula rotundifolia (harebell, campanule à feuilles rondes)
• Desmodie canadense (showy tick trefoil, desmodie du Canada)
• Eupatorium perfoliatium (boneset, eupatoire perfoliée)
• Eupatorium purpureum (Joe Pye weed, eupatoire pourpre)
• Gaillardia aristata (blanket flower, gaillarde)
• Helenium autumnale (sneezeweed, hélénie d'automne)
• Lobelia siphilitica (great blue lobelia, lobélie syphilitique)
• Monarda fistulosa (wild bergamot, monarde fistuleuse)
• Potentilla argentea (silver cinquefoil, potentille argentée)
• Solidago bicolor (silverrod, verge d'or bicolore)
• Solidago caesia (blue-stemmed goldenrod, verge d'or bleuâtre)
• Symphyotrichum ericoides (heath aster, aster éricoïde)
• Tradescantia ohiensis (Ohio spiderwort, tradescantia de l’Ohio)
• Verbena stricta (hoary vervain, verveine veloutée)
• Vernonia sp. (ironweed, vernonia)
• Veronicastrum virginicum (Culver's root, veronicastrum)
• Zizia aurea (golden Alexanders, zizia d'oré)

What natives are you growing in your garden?

Leucanthemum vulgare

Leucanthemum vulgare, known in English as "ox-eye daisy", "moon daisy", "dog daisy", or "marguerite", and in French as marguerite commune, is a perennial native to Eurasia and widely escaped in North America, Australia, and New Zealand.

Ox-eye daisy is difficult to eradicate once established, since it can regrow from root fragments left in the soil. Better to not let it get established, or keep it in a container and deadhead religiously.

Here are some native alternatives to ox-eye daisy in the garden:

Daisy-shaped flowers

• upland white aster (Oligoneuron album, small white flowers with yellow centres)
• eastern daisy fleabane (Erigeron annuus, small white flowers with yellow centres, fragrant)
• Philadelphia daisy fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus, small pink flowers with yellow centres)
• lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata, yellow rays and discs)
• Helen's flower (Helenium autumnale, small yellow flowers with yellow disks)
• pale coneflower (Echinacea pallida, pale purple drooping rays, brown centres)
• black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta, yellow rays, dark brown centres)
• branched coneflower (Rudbeckia triloba, yellow rays, dark brown discs)
• showy sunflower (Helianthus laetiflorus, yellow rays, brown discs)
• ox-eye sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides, yellow rays, dark yellow discs)
• green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia lacinata, yellow rays, olive green discs)
• yellow coneflower (Ratibida pinnata, drooping yellow rays, dark brown discs)
• compass plant (Silphium lacinatum, yellow rays and discs)
• cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum, yellow rays and discs)
• prairie dock (Silphium terebinthinaceum, yellow rays and discs)
• blanket flower (Gaillardia aristata, red rays with yellow tips, brown discs)
• smooth aster (Symphyotrichum laeve, small mauve flowers with yellow centres)
• sky blue aster (Symphytrichum oolentangiense, small mauve flowers with yellow centres)
• New England aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, small pink to mauve flowers with yellow centres)
• silky aster (Symphyotrichum sericeum, purple flowers with beige centres)

White flowers for sunny locations

• upland white aster (Oligoneuron album)
• eastern daisy fleabane (Erigeron annuus
• smooth penstemon (Penstemon digitalis, clusters of foxglove-like flowers)
• yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum, clusters of small flowers)
• king of the meadow (Thalictrum dioicus, clusters of small flowers)
• New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus, a shrub with clusters of small flowers)
• Culver's root (Veronicastrum virginicum, spikes of tiny white flowers)

Top 10 best plants for wild birds and mammals

If, like me, you'd like to encourage wildlife in your garden, check out these lists. According to American Wildlife & Plants by Alexander C. Martin, Herbert S. Zim, and Arnold L. Nelson (New York: Dover, 1961), these are the best plants for feeding birds and mammals in our area (okay, technically, northeast U.S., but I don't think things change that suddenly north of the border). Seeing the wildlife value of a number of less showy herbaceous plants is certainly giving me food for thought in choosing new plants for the garden. The woody plants are all fine ornamentals as well as being valuable sources of food for birds and mammals.

Woody plants

1. oak (Quercus spp.): acorns are one of the most important foods for many mammals and birds. They are one of the blue jay's favourites. White oaks (including Quercus alba, Quercus prinus) produce tastier acorns than black oaks (Quercus velutina). Oak leaves and twigs are used as nesting material.
2. blackberries and kin (Rubus spp.): as well as blackberries, this group includes raspberries, dewberries, cloudberries, and thimbleberries. The delicous fruit are popular, especailly with birds when fresh during the summer, though dried fruit will be eaten in autumn and winter if there's any left. The thorny brambles provide useful cover for birds, rabbits, and others, and are a popular nesting site. Cottontail rabbits eat Rubus stems in the winter.
3. wild cherries (Prunus spp.): the fruit are popular with birds; mammals also eat them, often feeding on the cherries that have fallen to the ground. Deer and rabbits also feed on the twigs, foliage, and bark. The most important cherries in our area are P. virginiana and P. pennsylvanica.
4. pines (Pinus spp.): seeds are eaten by many birds and small mammals; pine needles, bark, and wood are eaten by some animals. Pines with branches near the ground provide cover for wildlife; large pines are favoured nesting sites for mourning doves and migrating robins. In our area the most important is the majestic white pine (Pinus strobus), which is also our provincial tree.
5. dogwood (Cornus spp.): the fruit are an important food in late summer, fall, and into winter.
6. grapes (Vitis spp.): the fruit of grapes appeals to many animals; the dense foliage in summer provides cover and nesting sites. Birds often use the bark of grapevines to build their nests. Our native species are V. aestivalis, V. riparia, and V. vulpina.
7. maples (Acer spp.): maple seeds provide food for birds, squirrels, and chipmunks; animals also eat the buds and flowers. Birds use the leaves and seed stalks to build their nests.
8. beech (Fagus grandifolia): beechnuts are an important food for squirrels and chipmunks, and are also eaten by birds and other mammmals.
9. blueberries and kin (Vaccinium spp.): as well as blueberries, this group includes hillberries, cranberries, and deerberries. The bruit are eaten by many birds and mammals (from mice to bears!), deer and rabbits also feed on the twigs and foliage.
10. birches (Betula spp.): birds feed on the catkins, buds, and seeds; mammals such as deer, hares, porcupines, and beavers eat the bark, twigs, leaves, and wood.

Herbaceous plants

1. ragweeds (Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. psilostachya): the ragweedsare one of the most important plants for wildlife. In particular, their seeds form a major component of the diet for many songbirds. It's unfortunate that their pollen is so allergenic for humans!
2. bristlegrass (Setaria spp.): although they are not native to our area, the bristlegrasses produce abundant seeds which are a major food source for many birds; some mammals also eat the seeds and leaves.
3. sedges (Carex spp.): many birds eat the seeds; the leaves and roots as well as the seeds are eaten by various mammals. Sedges also provide valuable cover for wildlife.
4. crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.): because crabgrass is common and produces many seeds, it is an important foodsource for many birds. The plants are also eaten by rabbits. D. cognata is native here.
5. pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.): the numerous seeds of the pigweeds remain available in spiked clusters during the winter and sometimes even spring, where they provide an important food source for songbirds when food is scarce. Rabbits and deer feed on the plants. Although a number of pigweeds are alien, A. powellii and A. tuberculatus are native to our area.
6. clovers (Trifolium pratense, T. repens, and T. hybridum): these three widespread aliens provide delicious foliage as well as seeds to many birds and mammals. The first two are somewhat invasive in our area according to Invasive Exotic Species Ranking for Southern Ontario.
7. sheepsorrels and docks (Rumex spp.): the most common of these, R. acetosela, is not native here but because of its abundance the seeds are a common food for ground-feeding birds; the seeds are also eaten by small mammals. Rabbits and deer feed on the plants.
8. dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.): the seeds are important for birds who feed on the ground. Small mammals also eat the seeds, and deer browse on the plants.
9. bluegrasses (Poa spp.): birds eat the seeds and rabbits and other mammals graze on the foliage.
10. pokeweed (Phytolacca americana): the fruit are eaten by mourning doves, songbirds, foxes, opossums, raccoons, and mice.

Marsh and aquatic plants

1. smartweeds (Polygonum spp.): the seeds of smartweeds found near and in water are an important food for ducks and songbirds; small mammals also eat these seeds. The most significant are P. persicaria (alien), P. pennsylvanicum (native), P. punctatum (native), and P. lapathifolium (alien).
2. pondweeds (Stuckenia and Potamogeton spp.): these plants dominate lakes and ponds in our area. The seeds and plants are an important food for many birds who live around water. Stuckenia pectinatus is considered the most important species for wildlife.
3. wild rice (Zizania spp.): wild rice seeds are a key component of the diets of waterfowl, marshbirds, shorebirds, and songbirds. Z. aquatica and Z. palustris are native to our area.
4. bulrushes (Scirpus spp.): the seeds are an important food for birds living near water and muskrats; they are also eaten by songbirds.
5. American eelgrass (Vallisneria americana): the foliage, seeds, and roots are all enjoyed by ducks.
6. naiads (Najas flexilis and N. guadalupensis): the stems, leaves, and seeds are favoured by ducks.
7. spikerushes (Eleocharis spp.): waterfowl, marshbirds, and shorebirds eat the seeds; waterfowl also eat the stems and tubers, and rabbits and muskrats eat the plants.
8. bur-reeds (Sparganium spp.): the seeds are eaten by birds living near water, and the whole plant is used by muskrats.
9. wild millets (Echinocloa spp.): the seeds are important for ducks, and are also used by other birds. Rabbits and muskrats eat the plants.
10. duckweed (Lemna minor): although this is a tiny species, its abundance allows it to play an important role in the diet of ducks.

Toronto native plants: the big list

(Updated May 28, 2009).

The list of Toronto native plants got so huge I split it into separate posts by scientific name:

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z

Toronto native plants starting with A: Acalypha rhomboidea to Aureolaria virginica

Above: Asclepias tuberosa (butterfly weed).

(Updated November 29, 2009).

It's exciting to see how many possibilities for native plant garderners there are in Toronto (something you'd never guess from the average Toronto plant seller, unfortunately.) I've put a link to the relevant entries in this blog where available. I have tried to be as accurate as possible but I'm no expert so any corrections to this list would be appreciated!

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z

A

• Acalypha rhomboidea (three-seeded mercury). Me (East York), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Acer x freemanii (Freeman maple). NANPS, PLANTS.
• Acer nigrum (black maple). CCC, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Acer pensylvanicum (striped maple). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Acer rubrum (red maple). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: Chester, DG.
• Acer saccharinum (silver maple). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Acer saccharum (sugar maple). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Acer spicatum (mountain maple). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Achillea alpinum (Chinese yarrow). PLANTS.
• Achillea millefolium (common yarrow). Me (East York), LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Acorus americanus (sweetflag), rare. Banville (as A. calamus), LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Acorus calamus: see Acorus americanus.
• Actaea alba: see A. pachypoda.
• Actaea x ludovici (hybrid baneberry), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Actaea pachypoda (doll's eyes), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Actea racemosa (black baneberry). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Actea rubra (red baneberry), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Adiantum pedatum (northern maidenhair), rare. Banville, LBJ, NANPS. More info: DG.
• Adlumia fungosa (climbing fumitory). P&M, PLANTS. More info: PLANTS.
• Aesculus glabra (Ohio buckeye). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Agalinis gattingeri (Gattinger's agalinus). CC SAR, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Agalinis paupercula (smallflower false foxglove). PLANTS.
• Agalinis paupercula var. borealis (smallflower false foxglove). LBJ.
• Agalinis purpurea (large purple agalinus). CC rare, LBJ, P&M (as Gerardia purpurea), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Agalinis skinneriana (Skinner's agalinus). CC SAR, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Agalinis tenuifolia (slenderleaf false foxglove). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Agastache foeniculum (anise hyssop). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Agastache nepetoides (yellow giant hyssop). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Agastache scrophulariaefolia (purple giant hyssop). CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Ageratina altissima (white snakeroot). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Ageratina altissima var. altissima (white snakeroot). LBJ, NANPS (as Eupatorium rugosum, P&M (as E. rugosum), PLANTS.
• Agrimonia gryposepala (tall hairy agrimony), common. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Agrimonia parviflora (small-flower groovebur). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Agrimonia pubescens (soft agrimony), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Agrimonia striata (roadside agrimony). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Agropyron trachycaulum: see Elymus trachycaulus.
• Agrostis hyemalis (winter bentgrass), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Agrostis mertensii (northern bentgrass). PLANTS.
• Agrostis perennans (upland bentgrass), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Agrostis scabra (fly-away grass). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Aletris farinosa (stargrass, unicorn root, white colicroot). CCC, CC SAR, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Alisma gramineum (grass-leaved water-plantain). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Alisma plantago-aquatica: see A. trivale.
• Alisma subcordatum. P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Alisma trivale (water plantain), common. Banville (as A. plantago-aquatica), P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Allium burdickii (narrowleaf wild leek). NANPS, PLANTS.
• Allium canadense (wild garlic). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Allium cernuum (nodding wild onion). CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Allium schoenoprasum (wild chives). NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Allium stellatum (autumn onion). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Allium tricoccum (wild leek), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Alnus incana (speckled alder). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (speckled alder), uncommon. Banville (as A. rugosa), LBJ, NANPS (as Alnus rugosa).
• Alnus rugosa: see A. incana ssp. rugosa.
• Alnus viridis (green alder). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (green alder). LBJ.
• Alopecurus aequalis (short-awned foxtail), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Amaranthus powellii (Powell's amaranth). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Amaranthus tuberculatus (roughfruit amaranth). PLANTS.
• Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed). Me (East York), LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Ambrosia xhelenae. PLANTS.
• Ambrosia psilostacha (Cuman ragweed). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Ambrosia trifida (great ragweed). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Ambrosia trifida var. trifida (great ragweed). LBJ.
• Amelanchier spp. (serviceberries). Me (High Park), P&M. More info: Chester.
• Amelanchier alnifolia (Saskatoon serviceberry). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG
• Amelanchier arborea (common serviceberry). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Amelanchier arborea var. arborea (common serviceberry). LBJ.
• Amelanchier bartramiana (oblongfruit serviceberry). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Amelanchier canadensis (Canadian serviceberry). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Amelanchier interior (Pacific serviceberry). PLANTS.
• Amelanchier x intermedia. PLANTS.
• Amelanchier laevis (Allegheny serviceberry). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Amelanchier x neglecta. PLANTS.
• Amelanchier sanguinea (roundleaf serviceberry). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Amelanchier sanguinea var. gaspensis (Gaspé serviceberry). LBJ.
• Amelanchier sanguinea var. sanguinea (roundleaf serviceberry). LBJ.
• Amelanchier stolonifera (running serviceberry). PLANTS.
• Ammannia robusta (scarlet ammannia). CC SAR, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Ammophila breviligulata (American beach grass), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Amorpha fruticosa (desert false indigo). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Amphicarpa bracteata (American hog peanut). P&M, PLANTS, PtS.
• Anacharis canadensis: see Elodea canadensis.
• Anaphalis margaritacea (pearly everlasting). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Andromeda polifolia (bog rosemary). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), uncommon. Banville, CCC, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Andropogon scoparius: see Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium.
• Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge bluestem). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Androsace septentrionalis (pygmyflower rockjasmine). LBJ. More info: DG.
• Anemone canadensis (Canada anemone), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Anemone cylindrica (candle anemone), rare. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Anemone multifida (Pacific anemone). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Anemone quinquefolia (wood anemone), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Anemone richardsonii (yellow thimbleweed). LBJ. More info: DG.
• Anemone virginiana (tall thimbleweed), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M (as Anemone riparia), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Angelica atropurpurea (purplestem angelica). P&M, PLANTS.
• Angelica lucida (seacoast angelica). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Angelica purpurescens (purple angelica). NANPS.
• Antennaria howellii (Howell's pussytoes). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Antennaria howellii ssp. canadensis (Canadian pussytoes). LBJ.
• Antennaria howellii ssp. neodioica (Howell's pussytoes). LBJ.
• Antennaria howellii ssp. petaloidea (small pussytoes). LBJ.
• Antennaria neglecta (field pussytoes). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Antennaria parlinii (Parlin's pussytoes). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Antennaria parlinii ssp. fallax (Parlin's pussytoes). LBJ.
• Antennaria parlinii ssp. parlinii (Parlin's pussytoes). LBJ.
• Apios americana (groundnut). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Aplectrum hyemale (puttyroot, Adam and Eve). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Apocynum adrosaemifolium (spreading dogbane). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Apocynum cannabinum (hemp dogbane). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Apocynum floribundum (intermediate dogbane). P&M (as Apocynum medium), PLANTS.
• Aquilegia canadensis (wild columbine), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG, Leckie.
• Arabis alpina (alpine rockcres). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arabis canadensis (sicklepod), rare. Banville, P&M, PLANTS.
• Arabis × divaricarpa (spreadingpod rockcress). PLANTS.
• Arabis drummondii (Drummond's rockcress). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arabis glabra (tower mustard), rare. Banville, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arabis hirsuta (hairy rockcress). P&M, PLANTS.
• Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis (hairy rock-cress). CC rare.
• Arabis laevigata (smooth rock cress), rare. Banville, P&M, PLANTS.
• Arabis lyrata (lyre-leaved rock cress). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS.
• Arabis shortii (Short's rock-cress). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Aralia hispida (bristly sarsparilla). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS.
• Aralia nudicaulis (wild sarsparilla). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Aralia racemosa (American spikenard). NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (bearberry). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arethusa bulbosa (dragon's mouth). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Argentina anserina (silverweed cinquefoil), common. Banville (as Potentilla anserina), LBJ, NANPS (as P. anserina), P&M (as P. anserina), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arisaema dracontium (green dragon). CCC, CC SAR, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arisaema atrorubens: see A. triphyllum ssp. triphyllum.
• Arisaema stewardsonii: see A. triphyllum ssp. stewardsonii.
• Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arisaema triphyllum ssp. stewardsonii (Jack-in-the-pulpit). P&M (as Arisaema stewardsonii), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit). P&M (as Arisaema atrorubens), PLANTS).
• Aristida basiramea (forked threeawn grass). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Aristida longespica (slimspike threeawn grass). PLANTS.
• Aristida longespica var. geniculata (three-awn). CC rare.
• Aristida longespica var. longespica (three-awn). CC rare.
• Aristida purpurascens (arrow feather three-awn grass). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Arnoglossum plantagineum (tuberous Indian plantain). CC SAR, LBJ, P&M (as Cacalia tuberosa), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Artemisia campestris (field sagewort). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis (field sagewort). LBJ.
• Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata (field sagewort). LBJ, P&M (as Artemisia caudata), PLANTS.
• Artemisia caudata: see A. campestris ssp. caudata.
• Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Artemisia frigida (prairie sagewort). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Artemisia ludoviciana (Louisiana artemisia). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asaram canadense (wild ginger), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias exaltata (poke milkweed). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias hirtella (tall green milkweed). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias purpurescens (purple milkweed). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias quadrifolia (four-leaved milkweed). CC rare, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias sullivantii (Sullivant's milkweed). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS.
• Asclepias syrica (common milkweed). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG, Leckie.
• Asclepias tuberosa (butterfly weed). CCC, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Aslepias variegata (white milkweed). CC rare, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias verticillata (whorled milkweed). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asclepias viridiflora (green milkweed). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Asimina triloba (pawpaw). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asplenium platyneuron (ebony spleenwort). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asplenium rhizophyllum (walking fern). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asplenium ruta-muraria (wallrue). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asplenium scolopendrium (hart's-tongue fern). NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum (American hart's-tongue fern). CC SAR, LBJ.
• Asplenium trichomanes (maidenhair spleenwort). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum (bright green spleenwort). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Aster acuminata: see Oclemena acuminata.
• Aster ericoides: see Symphyotrichum ericoides.
• Aster laevis: see Symphyotrichum laeve.
• Aster lateriflorus: see Symphyotrichum lateriflorum.
• Aster macrophyllus: see Eurybia macrophylla.
• Aster nemoralis: see Oclemena nemoralis.
• Aster novae-angliae: see Symphyotrichum novae-angliae.
• Aster oolentangiensis: see Symphyotrichum oolentangiense.
• Aster pilosus: see Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum.
• Aster ptarmicoides: see Oligoneuron album.
• Aster puniceus: see Symphyotrichum puniceum.
• Aster radula: see Eurybia radula.
• Aster umbellatus: see Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata.
• Aster urophyllus: see Symphyotrichum urophyllum.
• Astragalus canadensis (Canadian milkvetch). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Astragalus neglectus (Cooper's milkvetch). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Athyrium felix-femina (common ladyfern), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Athyrium felix-femina ssp. angustum (sub-arctic ladyfern). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Athyrium thelypterioides: see Deparia acrostichoides.
• Atriplex patula var. hastata: see A. prostrata.
• Atriplex prostrata (triangle orache), rare. Banville (as A. patula var. hastata. PLANTS.
• Aureolaria flava (yellow false-foxglove). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Aureolaria pedicularia (fernleaf yellow false-foxglove). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Aureolaria pedicularia var. pedicularia (fernleaf yellow false foxglove, fern-leaved false frogbit). P&M (as Gerardia pedicularia), PLANTS.
• Aureolaria virginica (downy false-foxglove). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z

References

• Me: I've seen it myself, in the wild in Toronto.
• Banville: Banville, Diana. Vascular Plants of Metropolitan Toronto 2nd ed. Toronto: Toronto Field Naturalists, 1994. (Available by mail order from TFN.)
• CCC: Carolinian Canada Coalition's list of Representative Carolinian Species.
• CC rare: Carolinian Canada Coalitions's list of Carolinian Zone Rare Species
• CC SAR: Carolinian Canada Coalition's list Carolinian Species at Risk
• LBJ: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
• NANPS: North American Native Plant Society
• P&M: Peterson, Roger Tory and Margaret McKenny. A field guide to wildflowers: Northeastern and northcentral North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968.
• PLANTS: United States Department of Agriculture PLANTS Database
• PtS: Planting the Seed: A Guide to Establishing Prairie and Meadow Communities in Southern Ontario

Info

• Chester: Bronwyn Chester at Spacing Montréal
• DG: Dave's Garden
• Leckie: The Marvelous in Nature blog by Seabrooke Leckie

Toronto native plants starting with B: Baptisia tinctoria to Bulbostylis capillaris

(Last updated August 8, 2009.)

It's exciting to see how many possibilities for native plant garderners there are in Toronto (something you'd never guess from the average Toronto plant seller, unfortunately.) I've put a link to the relevant entries in this blog where available. I have tried to be as accurate as possible but I'm no expert so any corrections to this list would be appreciated!

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z

B

• Baptisia tinctoria (yellow wild indigo). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Bartonia paniculata (twining screwstem). PLANTS.
• Bartonia paniculata ssp. paniculata (twining screwstem). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Bartonia virginica (yellow screwstem). CC rare, P&M, PLANTS.
• Berula erecta (cutleaf water parsnip). P&M (as Berula pusilla), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: Leckie.
• Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis (yellow birch), common. Banville (as B. lutea), LBJ, PLANTS.
• Betula glandulosa (resin birch). PLANTS.
• Betula lenta (sweet birch, cherry birch). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Betula lutea: see B. alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis.
• Betula minor (dwarf white birch). PLANTS.
• Betula papyrifera (paper birch), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG, Leckie.
• Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (mountain paper birch). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera (paper birch). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Betula populifolia (grey birch). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Betula pumila (bog birch). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Betula pumila var. glandulifera (bog birch). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Betula x purpusii. PLANTS.
• Bidens beckii (Beck's water marigold). P&M (as Megalodonta beckii), PLANTS.
• Bidens cernua (bur-marigold). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Bidens connata (swamp beggartick) LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Bidens coronata (tickseed-sunflower, southern tickseed) CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS.
• Bidens discoidea (swamp beggartick). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Bidens frondosa (devil's beggartick): LBJ, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Bidens hyperborea (estuary beggartick). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Bidens hyperborea var. hyperborea (estuary beggartick). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Bidens tripartita (three-lobed beggartick). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Bidens vulgata (big devil's beggartick). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Blephilia ciliata (downy wood-mint). CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Blephilia hirsuta (hairy wood-mint). CC rare, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS.
• Boehmeria cylindrica (false nettle), rare. Banville, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Botrychium campestre (Iowa moonwort). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Botrychium dissectum (cutleaf grapefern). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Botrychium lanceolatum (lance-leaved grapefern). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Botrychium lunaria (common moonwort). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Botrychium matricariifolium (matricary grapefern), extirpated. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Botrychium minganense (Mingan moonwort). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Botrychium multifidum (leathery grapefern). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Botrychium oneidense (bluntlobe grapefern). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Botrychium rugulosum (rugulose grapefern). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Botrychium simplex (little grapefern). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Botrychium virginianum (rattlesnake fern), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Bouteloua curtipendula (side oats gramma). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Bouteloua gracilis (blue gramma). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Brasenia schreberi (watershield). P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Bromus ciliatus (fringed brome grass), uncommon. Banville, CCC, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Bromus inermis (smooth brome). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Bromus kalmii (prairie brome). NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Bromus latiglumis (earlyleaf brome), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Bryoandersonia illecebra (spoon-leaved moss). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Buchnera americana (bluehearts). CCC, CC SAR, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Bulbostylis capillaris (densetuft hairsedge). CC rare, PLANTS.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z

References

• Me: I've seen it myself, in the wild in Toronto.
• Banville: Banville, Diana. Vascular Plants of Metropolitan Toronto 2nd ed. Toronto: Toronto Field Naturalists, 1994. (Available by mail order from TFN.)
• CCC: Carolinian Canada Coalition's list of Representative Carolinian Species.
• CC rare: Carolinian Canada Coalitions's list of Carolinian Zone Rare Species
• CC SAR: Carolinian Canada Coalition's list Carolinian Species at Risk
• LBJ: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
• NANPS: North American Native Plant Society
• P&M: Peterson, Roger Tory and Margaret McKenny. A field guide to wildflowers: Northeastern and northcentral North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968.
• PLANTS: United States Department of Agriculture PLANTS Database
• PtS: Planting the Seed: A Guide to Establishing Prairie and Meadow Communities in Southern Ontario

Info

• DG: Dave's Garden.
• Leckie: The Marvelous in Nature blog by Seabrooke Leckie

Toronto native plants starting with C: Cacalia tuberosa to Cystopteris tenuis

Above: Cypripedium reginae (showy lady's slipper).

(Updated November 29, 2009).

It's exciting to see how many possibilities for native plant garderners there are in Toronto (something you'd never guess from the average Toronto plant seller, unfortunately.) I've put a link to the relevant entries in this blog where available. I have tried to be as accurate as possible but I'm no expert so any corrections to this list would be appreciated!

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z

C

• Cacalia tuberosa: see Arnoglossum plantagineum.
• Cakile edentula (American sea-rocket), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Calamagrostis canadensis (bluejoint), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Calamagrostis stricta (slimstem reedgrass). PLANTS.
• Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna (sand reed grass). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Calla palustris (wild calla), rare. Banville, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Calopogon tuberosus (tuberous grasspink). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus (tuberous grasspink). P&M (as Calopogon pulchellus), PLANTS.
• Caltha palustris (yellow marsh marigold), uncommon. Banville, Me (East York, Wilket Creek Park), LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG, Leckie.
• Caltha palustris var. palustris (marsh marigold). LBJ.
• Calypso bulbosa (fairy-slipper). P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Calypso bulbosa var. americana (fairy slipper). PLANTS.
• Calystegia sepia (hedge bindweed). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Calystegia spithamaea (upright bindweed). NANPS, PLANTS.
• Camassia scilloides (wild hyacinth). CC SAR, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Campanula aparinoides (bedstraw bellflower). P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Campanula rotundifolia (harebell). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Campanulastrum americanum (American bellflower). P&M (as Campanula americana), NANPS (as Campanula americana), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Campsis radicans (trumpet creeper). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cardamine bulbosa (spring cress), rare. Banville, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS.
• Cardamine concatenata (cutleaf toothwort), common. Banville (as Dentaria lacinata), LBJ, NANPS (as D. lacinata), P&M (as D. lacinata), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cardamine diphylla (crinkleroot), common. Banville (as Dentaria diphylla), LBJ, P&M (as D. diphylla), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cardamine douglassii (purple cress), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS.
• Cardamine maxima (large toothwort), uncommon. Banville (as Dentaria maxima), P&M (as D. maxima), PLANTS.
• Cardamine parviflora (sand bittercress). PLANTS.
• Cardamine pensylvanica (Pennsylvania bittercress), rare. Banville, P&M, PLANTS.
• Cardamine pratensis (cuckoo-flower). P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cardamine pratensis var. anguistifolia (meadow bittercress). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex aggregata (glomerate sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex alata (broad-winged sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex albicans (white-tinge sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex albicans var. albicans (sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex albicans var. emmonsii (Emmons' sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex albursina (white bear sedge), rare. Banville (as C. laxiflora var. latifolia), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex alopecoidea (foxtail sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex amphibola (narrowleaf sedge). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex annectens (yellow-fruited sedge). CC rare (as Carex annectens var. xanthocarpa), NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex appalachica (Appalachian sedge). CC rare, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex aquatilis (leafy tussock sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex arcta (northern cluster sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex arctata (drooping woodland sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex argyrantha (hay sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex atheroides (wheat sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex atlantica (prickly bog sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea (prickly bog sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex atratriformis (scabrous black sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex aurea (golden sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex backii (Back's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex bebbii (Bebb's sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Carex bicknellii (Bicknell's sedge). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex bigelowii (Bigelow's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex blanda (eastern woodland sedge), uncommon. Banville (as C. laxiflora var. blanda), LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex brevior (fescue sedge). NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex bromoides (brome-like sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex brunnescens (brownish sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex buxbaumii (Buxbaum's sedge). Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex canescens (silvery sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex capillaris (hair-like sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex careyana (Carey's sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex castenea (chestnut sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex cephaloidea (thin-leaf sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex cephalophora (oval-leaved sedge), rare. Banville, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex chordorrhiza (creeping sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex communis (fibrousroot sedge), uncommon. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex comosa (longhair sedge). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Carex conoidea (field sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex convoluta: see C. rosea.
• Carex crawei (Crawe's sedge). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex crawfordii (Crawford's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex crinita (fringed sedge). Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Carex cristatella (crested sedge), common. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex crus-corvi (crow-spur sedge). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex cryptolepis (northeastern sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex cumulata (clustered sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex davisii (Davis' sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex debilis (white edge sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex deflexa (northern sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex deweyana (Dewey sedge), uncommon. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex diandra (lesser pannicled sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex digitalis (slender woodland sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex disperma (softleaf sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex eburnea (bristleleaf sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex echinata (star sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex emoryi (Emory's sedge). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex exilis (coastal sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex festucacea (fescue sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex flava (yellow sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex folliculata (northern long sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex formosa (handsome sedge). Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex frankii (Frank's sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex garberi (elk sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex glaucodea (blue sedge, flaccid sedge). CCC, CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex gracilescens (slender looseflower sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex gracillima (graceful sedge), uncommon. Banville, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex granularis (limestone meadow sedge), common?. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex gravida (heavy sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex grayi (Gray's sedge). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex grisea (inflated narrow-leaf sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex gynandra (nodding sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex gynocrates (northern bog sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex haydenii (Hayden's sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex hirsutella (hirsute sedge, fuzzy wuzzy sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex hirtifolia (pubescent sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex hitchcockiana (Hitchcock's sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex houghtoniana (Houghton's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex hyalinolepis (shore-line sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex hystericina (bottlebrush sedge), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex inops (sunloving sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex interior (inland sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex intumescens (greater bladder sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex jamesii (James' sedge, Nebraska sedge). CCC, CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex x knieskernii (). PLANTS.
• Carex lacustris (hairy sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex laevivaginata (smooth-sheathed sedge), uncommon. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex lapponica (Lapland sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex lasiocarpa (woollyfruit sedge). LBJ.
• Carex lasiocarpa var. americana (American woollyfruit sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex lasiocarpa var. latifolia: see C. pellita.
• Carex laxiculmis (spreading sedge). Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex laxiflora (broad looseflower sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex laxiflora var. blanda: see C. blanda.
• Carex laxiflora var. latifolia: see C. albursina.
• Carex laxiflora var. laxiflora (loose-flowered sedge). Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex leavenworthii (Leavenworth's sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex lenticularis (lakeshore sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex lenticularis var. lenticularis (lakeshore sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex leptalea (bristlystalked sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex leptalea ssp. leptalea (bristlystalked sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex leptonervia (nerveless woodland sedge). Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex limosa (mud sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex livida (livid sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex longii (Long's sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex lucorum (Blue Ridge sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex lupiliformis (false hop sedge). CC SAR, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex lupulina (hop sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carix lurida (lurid sedge). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex magellanica (boreal bog sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex meadii (Mead's sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex merritt-fernaldii (Fernald's sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex mesochorea (midland sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex michauxiana (Michaux's sedge). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex molesta (troublesome sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex muehlenbergii (Muehlenberg's sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex muskingumensis (Muskingum sedge). CC rare, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex nigromarginata (black-edged sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex nigromargniata var. elliptica: see C. peckii.
• Carex normalis (greater straw sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex novae-angliae (New England sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex oligocarpa (eastern few-fruited sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex oligosperma (fewseed sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex ormostachya (necklace spike sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex pallescens (pale sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex pauciflora (fewflower sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex peckii (Peck's sedge), rare. Banville (as C. nigromarginata var. elliptica, PLANTS.
• Carex pedunculata (longstalk sedge), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex pellita (woolly sedge), rare. Banville (as C. lasiocarpa var. latifolia), PLANTS.
• Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex plantaginea (plantain-leaf sedge), uncommon. Banville, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex platyphylla (broad-leaved sedge), uncommon. Banville, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex prairea (prairie sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex prasina (drooping sedge). Banville, CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex projecta (necklace sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex pseudocyperus (cypress-like sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex radiata (eastern star sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex retroflexa (reflexed sedge). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex retrorsa (knotsheath sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Carex richardsonii (Richardson's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex rosea (rosy sedge), common. Banville (as C. convoluta), PLANTS.
• Carex rostrata (beaked sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carex sartwellii (Sartwell's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex scabrata (eastern rough sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex schweinitzii (Schweinitz's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex scirpoidea (northern singlespike sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex scoparia (broom sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex seorsa (weak stellate sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex shortiana (Short's sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex siccata (dryspike sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex sparganioides (bur-reed sedge), rare. Banville, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex sprengelii (Sprengel's sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex squarrosa (squarrose sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex sterilis (dioecious sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex stipata (awl-fruited sedge), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Carex stricta (tussock sedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Carex suberecta (prairie straw sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex swanii (Swan's sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex tenera (quill sedge), uncommon. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex tenuiflora (sparseflower sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex tetanica (rigid sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex tetanica var. woodii: see C. woodii.
• Carex tincta (tinged sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex tonsa (shaved sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex tonsa var. rugosperma (parachute sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex tonsa var. tonsa (shaved sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex torreyi (Torrey's sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex torta (twisted sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex tribuloides (blunt broom sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex trichocarpa (hairy-fruited sedge), rare. Banville, CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex trisperma (three-seeded sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex tuckermanii (Tuckerman's sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Carex typhina (cat-tail sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex umbellata (parasol sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carex urtriculata (Northwest Territory sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex vaginata (sheathed sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex vesicaria (blister sedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex virescens (ribbed sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex viridula (little green sedge), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Carex vulpinoidea (fox sedge), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS.
• Carex wiegandii (Wiegand's sedge). PLANTS.
• Carex willdenowii (Willdenow's sedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Carex woodii (pretty sedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Carpinus caroliniana (ironwood, American hornbeam), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory), uncommon. Banville, CCC, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carya glabra (sweet pignut hickory). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carya lacinosa (big shellbark hickory). CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Carya ovata (shagbark hickory), uncommon. Banville, CCC, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: Chester, DG.
• Castanea dentata (American chestnut). CCC, CC SAR, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Castilleja coccinea (painted-cup). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Caulophyllum giganteum (giant blue cohosh). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey tea). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Ceanothus herbaceus (redroot). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Celastrus scandens (American bittersweet). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Celtis tenuifolia (dwarf hackberry). CC SAR, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Cenchrus longispinus (long-spined sandbur), uncommon. Banville, PLANTS.
• Cephalanthus occidentalis (common buttonbush). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cerastium arvense (field chickweed). Banville, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cerastium arvense ssp. velutinum var. velutinum (long-hairy chickweed). CC rare (as Cerastium velutinum), PLANTS.
• Cerastium nutans (nodding chickweed). PLANTS.
• Cerastium velutinum: see C. arvense ssp. velutinum.
• Ceratophyllum demersum (coon's tail), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Ceratophyllum echinatum (spineless hornwort). PLANTS.
• Cercis canadensis (eastern redbud). CCC, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chaerophyllum procumbens (spreading chervil). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Chaerophyllum procumbens var. procumbens (spreading chervil). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Chamaedaphne calyculata (leatherleaf). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chamaelirium luteum (devil's-bit). CC rare, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chamaesyce glyptosperma (ribseed sandmat). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Chamaesyce nutans (eyebane). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Chamaesyce polygonifolia (seedside sandmat). PLANTS.
• Chamaesyce serpyllifolia (thymeleaf sandmat). PLANTS.
• Chamaesyce vermiculata (wormseed sandmat). PLANTS.
• Chamerion angustifolium (fireweed). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium (fireweed). NANPS (as Epilobium angustifolium), P&M (as E. angustifolium), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (fireweed). PLANTS.
• Chelone glabra (white turtlehead). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Chenopodium berlandieri (pitseed goosefoot). PLANTS.
• Chenopodium capitatum (strawberry-blite), rare. Banville, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chenopodium foggii (Fogg's goosefoot). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Chenopodium hybridum: see C. simplex.
• Chenopodium leptophyllum (narrow-leaved goosefoot). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chenopodium pratericola (desert goosefoot). PLANTS.
• Chenopodium rubrum (red goosefoot), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Chenopodium simplex (mapleleaf goosefoot), uncommon. Banville (as C. hybridum), P&M (as C. hybridum), PLANTS.
• Chenopodium standleyanum (Standley goosefoot). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Chimaphila maculata (spotted wintergreen). CCC, CC SAR, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chimaphila umbellata (pipissewa). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Chrysosplenium americanam (American golden saxifrage). PLANTS.
• Cicuta bulbifera (bulb-bearing water-hemlock). P&M, PLANTS.
• Cicuta maculata (water hemlock). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cinna arundinacea (sweet woodreed). PLANTS, PLANTS.
• Cinna latifolia (wood reed-grass), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Circaea alpina (smaller enchanter's nightshade). P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Circaea x intermedia (). PLANTS.
• Circaea lutetiana (broadleaf enchanter's nightshade). Me (High Park), NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Circaea quadrisulcata ssp. canadensis (broadleaf enchanter's nightshade). P&M (as Circaea quadrisulcata), PLANTS.
• Cirsium discolor (field thistle). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Cirsium hillii (Hill's thistle). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cirsium muticum (swamp thistle). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cirsium pitcheri (Pitcher's thistle). CC SAR, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cladium mariscoides (twigrush). NANPS, PLANTS.
• Claytonia caroliniana (Carolina spring beauty), rare. Banville, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Claytonia virginica (Virginia spring beauty), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Clematis occidentalis (western blue virgin's bower). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis (purple clematis). LBJ, P&M (as Clematis verticillaris), PLANTS.
• Clematis verticillaris: see C. occidentalis var. occidentalis.
• Clematis virginiana (virgin's bower), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Clintonia borealis (corn lily, blue bead), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Collinsia parviflora (maiden blue-eyed Mary). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Collinsia verna (spring blue-eyed Mary). CC SAR, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Collinsonia canadensis (horse-balm). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS.
• Collomia linearis (tiny trumpet). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Comandra umbellata (bastard-toadflax), uncommon. Banville, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Comarum palustre (purple marshlocks, marsh cinquefoil), rare. Banville (as Potentilla palustris), NANPS (as P. palustris), P&M (as P. palustris), PLANTS.
• Comptonia peregrina (sweet fern), uncommon. Banville (as Myrica aspleniifolia), LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Conioselinum chinense (hemlock parsley). CC rare, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Conoclinium coelestinum (blue mistflower). CCC, CC rare (as Eupatorium coelestinum), PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Conopholis americana (American cancer-root). P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Conyza canadensis (Canadian horseweed). Me (East York), LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Conyza canadensis var. canadensis (Canadian horseweed). LBJ, P&M (as Erigeron canadensis), PLANTS.
• Coptis trifolia (three-leaf goldenthread), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Corallorhiza maculata (spotted coralroot). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Corallorhiza odontorhiza (autumn coralroot). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Corallorhiza striata (striped coralroot). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Corallorhiza trifida (northern coralroot). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Coreopsis lanceolata (lanceleaf coreopsis). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Coreopsis tinctoria (calliopsis). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria (calliopsis). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Coreopsis tripteris (tall coreopsis). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus alternifolia (alternate-leaf dogwood). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus amomum ssp. obliqua: see C. obliqua.
• Cornus canadensis (bunchberry). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus drummondii (rough-leaf dogwood). CCC, CC rare, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus florida (flowering dogwood). CCC, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus foemina (stiff dogwood). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus obliqua (silky dogwood). LBJ, NANPS (as Cornus amomum ssp. obliqua), PLANTS.
• Cornus racemosa (grey dogwood). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus rugosa (roundleaf dogwood). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS.
• Cornus sericea (red-osier dogwood). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cornus sericea ssp. sericea (red-osier dogwood). NANPS (as Cornus stolonifera), PLANTS.
• Cornus stolonifera: see C. sericea ssp. sericea.
• Corydalis aurea (golden corydalis). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Corydalis flavula (yellow corydalis). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Corydalis sempervirens (pale corydalis). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Corylus americana (American hazelnut), uncommon. Banville, CCC, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Corylus cornuta (beaked hazelnut), uncommon. Banville, CCC, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: Chester, DG.
• Crataegus beata (Dunbar's hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus brainerdii (Brainerd's hawthorn). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus calpodendron (pear hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus chrysocarpa (fireberry hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus compta (adorned hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus conspecta: see C. dilatata.
• Crataegus corusca (shiningbranch hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus crus-galli (cockspur hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Crataegus dilatata (broadleaf hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus disperma (spreading hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus dissona (northern hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus dodgei (Dodge's hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus dodgei var. dodgei (Dodge's hawthorn). CC rare.
• Crataegus dodgei var. flavida (hawthorn). CC rare.
• Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Crataegus flabellata (fanleaf hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus fulleriana (Fuller's hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus grandis (grand hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus holmesiana (Holmes's hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus intricata (Copenhagen hawthorn). CC rare (as C. foetida), PLANTS.
• Crataegus iracunda (stolonbearing hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus irrasa (Blanchard's hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus jonesiae (Miss Jones' hawthorn). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Crataegus lumaria (roundleaf hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus macrosperma (bigfruit hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus margarettiae (Margarett's hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus mollis (downy hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Crataegus nitidula (glossy hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus pedicellata (scarlet hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus perjucunda (Middlesex frosted hawthorn, pearthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus persimilis (plumleaf hawthorn). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Crataegus pringlei (Pringle's hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus pruinosa (waxyfruit hawthorn). CC rare (as C. formosa), PLANTS.
• Crataegus punctata (dotted hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus scabrida (rough hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus schuettei (Schuette's hawthorn). PLANTS.
• Crataegus submollis (Québec hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus suborbiculata (Caughuawaga hawthorn). CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Crataegus succulenta (fleshy hawthorn). LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cryptogramma stelleri (fragile rockbrake). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Cryptotaenia canadensis (Canadian honewort). P&M, PLANTS.
• Cuscuta cephalanthi (button-bush dodder). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cuscuta coryli (hazel dodder). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cuscuta gronovii (scaldweed, dodder). P&M, PLANTS.
• Cuscuta pentagona (fiveangle dodder). PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cuscuta pentagona var. pentagona (fiveangle dodder). CC rare (as C. campestris), PLANTS.
• Cuscuta polygonorum (smartweed dodder). CC rare, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cycloloma atriplicifolium (winged pigweed). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Cyperus bipartitus (slender flatsedge), rare. Banville (as C. rivularis), PLANTS.
• Cyperus dentatus (toothed flatsedge). PLANTS.
• Cyperus diandrus (umbrella flatsedge). PLANTS.
• Cyperus engelmanni: see C. odoratus.
• Cyperus erythrorhizos (red-root flatsedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS, PtS. More info: DG.
• Cyperus filiculmis: see C. lupulinus ssp. lupulinus.
• Cyperus flavescens (yellow cyperus). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cyperus houghtonii (Houghton's umbrella-sedge, Houghton's flatsedge). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cyperus lupulinus (Great Plains flatsedge). PLANTS.
• Cyperus lupulinus ssp. lupulinus (Great Plains flatsedge), rare. Banville (as C. filiculmis), PLANTS.
• Cyperus lupulinus ssp. macilentus (great plains flatsedge). LBJ, PLANTS.
• Cyperus odoratus (fragrant flatsedge), uncommon. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Cyperus rivularis: see Cyperus bipartitus.
• Cyperus schweinitzii (Schweinitz's flatsedge), rare. Banville, CC rare, LBJ, PLANTS.
• Cyperus squarrosus (awned cyperus). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cyperus strigosus (strawcoloured flatsedge), rare. Banville, PLANTS.
• Cypripedium acaule (pink lady's-slipper). LBJ, NANPS, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cypripedium x andrewsii (Andrew's cypripedium). PLANTS.
• Cypripedium arietinum (ram's head lady's-slipper). CC rare, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum: see C. parviflorum var. parviflorum.
• Cypripedium candidum (small white lady's-slipper). CCC, CC SAR, LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cypripedium parviflorum (lesser yellow lady's slipper). LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum (small yellow lady's slipper), rare. Banville (as C. calceolus var. parivlorum, PLANTS.
• Cypripedium reginae (showy lady's-slipper). LBJ, P&M, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cystopteris bulbifera (bulblet bladder fern), common. Banville, LBJ, NANPS, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cystopteris fragilis (brittle bladder fern), rare. Banville, LBJ, PLANTS. More info: DG.
• Cystopteris protusa (lowland brittle fern). CC rare, PLANTS.
• Cystopteris tenuis (upland brittle bladder fern). LBJ, PLANTS.

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References

• Me: I've seen it myself, in the wild in Toronto.
• Banville: Banville, Diana. Vascular Plants of Metropolitan Toronto 2nd ed. Toronto: Toronto Field Naturalists, 1994. (Available by mail order from TFN.)
• CCC: Carolinian Canada Coalition's list of Representative Carolinian Species.
• CC rare: Carolinian Canada Coalitions's list of Carolinian Zone Rare Species
• CC SAR: Carolinian Canada Coalition's list Carolinian Species at Risk
• LBJ: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
• NANPS: North American Native Plant Society
• P&M: Peterson, Roger Tory and Margaret McKenny. A field guide to wildflowers: Northeastern and northcentral North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968.
• PLANTS: United States Department of Agriculture PLANTS Database
• PtS: Planting the Seed (PDF): A Guide to Establishing Prairie and Meadow Communities in Southern Ontario

Info

• Chester: Bronwyn Chester, at Spacing Montréal
• DG: Dave's Garden
• Leckie: The Marvelous in Nature blog by Seabrooke Leckie